Self-Harm Causes and Treatment

Self-harm is a behaviour in which someone deliberately injures their body as a way of coping with intense emotional pain. If you or a loved one are engaging in self-harm, it is important to know that help is available. This guide provides information on why self-harm occurs, common triggers, treatment options, and how to support yourself or someone you care about.

What is Self-Harm?

Self-harm includes actions where an individual intentionally harms their body. Common forms include:

• Cutting, scratching, or burning the skin
• Picking at wounds or existing scars
• Self-injurious behaviours such as head-banging
• Deliberate overdose on medication, drugs, or alcohol

Self-harm is a way for some people to manage overwhelming emotions, release tension, or cope with difficult life experiences.

Statistics and Risk Factors

Self-harm is more common in teenagers than adults, affecting both girls and boys differently. Key statistics and risk factors include:

• Around 10% of teenagers report self-harming at some point
• Girls who attempt suicide are twice as likely as boys to have a history of self-harm
• Boys who self-harm often have more unplanned suicide attempts
• Risk factors include depression, anxiety, reactive temperament, trauma, discrimination, and adverse childhood experiences

Understanding these factors can help parents, carers, and professionals identify and support at-risk individuals early.

Why Do People Self-Harm?

People often self-harm as a way to cope with intense emotions, negative thoughts, or overwhelming stress. Self-harm may provide:

• Temporary relief or distraction from emotional pain
• A sense of control over feelings when life feels chaotic
• A coping mechanism for trauma, bullying, or stressful events

While self-harm may feel helpful in the moment, it does not resolve underlying issues and can lead to long-term physical and emotional harm.

Common Triggers for Self-Harm

Triggers are events, experiences, or memories that can cause someone to feel overwhelmed. These may include:

• Accumulation of stressful life events
• Conflict at school, work, or home
• Experiences of trauma or abuse
• Negative reminders of past experiences

Identifying triggers is key to developing healthier coping strategies.

Is Self-Harm Linked to Suicide?

Not all individuals who self-harm are suicidal. However, self-harm increases the risk of suicide and other high-risk behaviours, such as substance misuse. If you or someone you know is self-harming, seeking professional help immediately is essential.

What to Do if You Are Self-Harming

You are not alone. Steps you can take include:

1. Reach out to a trusted friend, family member, or mentor
2. Speak with your GP, who can assess risk and refer you to a mental health professional
3. Access professional support such as psychologists, counsellors, or therapists

Early intervention is critical in managing self-harm and promoting mental wellbeing.

Therapies That Help Reduce Self-Harm

Evidence-based therapies for self-harm include:

• Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT): Focuses on identifying and challenging unhelpful thoughts and behaviours, developing healthier coping skills
• Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT): Teaches emotional regulation, distress tolerance, and interpersonal effectiveness

Both therapies aim to reduce harmful behaviours and help individuals manage intense emotions more effectively.

How to Support Someone Who Self-Harms

Supportive actions include:

• Listening without judgment and validating their feelings
• Encouraging professional help from a psychologist or counsellor
• Remaining calm and patient, avoiding ultimatums or criticism
• Maintaining open communication and safety planning

Self-Care for Carers

Supporting someone who self-harms can be emotionally demanding. Remember to:

• Seek guidance from professionals or support groups
• Engage in self-care activities that rejuvenate you
• Practice relaxation and stress-management techniques
• Talk with friends or family about your own feelings

Crisis Support

If you or someone you know is in immediate danger:

• Lifeline: 131 114
• Kids Helpline: 1800 55 1800
• Parentline: 1300 30 1300
• Emergency Ambulance: 000

Call to Action

If you or a loved one are self-harming, the first step is speaking with your GP about a referral to a psychologist. At CBT Professionals, our team, provides compassionate support and evidence-based treatment for self-harm.

Download our Referral Fact Sheet and take it with you to your GP appointment to start accessing professional care.

FAQs 

What is self-harm?

Self-harm is the intentional act of hurting one’s body to cope with emotional pain, stress, or trauma.

Who is likely to self-harm?

Self-harm is more common among teenagers, particularly those experiencing depression, anxiety, trauma, or social difficulties.

Is self-harm the same as suicide?

Not necessarily. Self-harm is often a coping mechanism, but it is a risk factor for suicide and should be treated seriously.

What therapies help with self-harm?

CBT and DBT are effective therapies that teach coping skills, emotional regulation, and strategies to reduce self-harm behaviours.

How can I support someone who is self-harming?

Listen without judgment, validate their feelings, encourage professional help, and maintain open communication.

Where can I get crisis support in Australia?

Contact Lifeline (131 114), Kids Helpline (1800 55 1800), Parentline (1300 30 1300), or attend your local hospital emergency department.